According to the mainstream narrative in the scholarly debate in Turkey, the Turkish Constitution of 1921 envisaged a secular, modern and consequently more democratic social order through the abolition of the monarchy and the caliphate. The strong legitimacy of the Turkish Grand National Assembly (TGNA)…
Read MoreThe Turkish War of Liberation (1919-1922) is unique in several senses. Probably the most important aspect of it is that it was fought under a constitutional government that was formed for that very purpose. The formation of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey (GNAT) in 1920 and the Constitution’s enactment in 1921 are the landmarks of this struggle…
Read MoreWithin the harsh conditions of the “National Liberation” period, 1919 – 1923, the Turkish Grand National Assembly (TGNA), calling itself “the only and true representative of the nation”, enacted the Constitution of 1921. The system of government prescribed in this Constitution was considered to be a conventional assembly government system…
Read MoreThe 1921 Constitution, adopted by the first Turkish Grand National Assembly (TGNA) on 20 January 1921, symbolizes the first big constitutional breakthrough in Ottoman-Turkish constitutionalism. From its chosen name to its very last provision, this constitution reflects a different approach in Turkey’s constitutional history…
Read MoreOne of the most significant characteristics of the 1921 Constitution period is the presumption among many that the 1876 Constitution (Kanun-i Esasi) remained in force. This blog post aims to set forth the reasons and various effects of the so-called “double-constitution period”, and criticize this presumption…
Read MoreFollowing the occupation of capital İstanbul by Allied forces in November 1918 and the occupation of Anatolia by Greek troops in 1919, after the Ottomans were defeated in the First World War together with the other central powers, the national resistance movement started in the land soon to be declared as Turkey…
Read MoreOn 20 January 2021, Turkey celebrated the hundredth anniversary of its 1921 Constitution (Teşkilat-ı Esasiye Kanunu). Among its several peculiarities, it was the first republican constitution of modern Turkey, enacted by the first Grand National Assembly of Turkey/GNAT…
Read MoreThe blog of the International Association of Constitutional Law (IACL)
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